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--- nursing_models [2023/01/22 18:18] – [Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings] tom
+++ nursing_models [2023/03/06 10:11] (current) – Remove socialite tom
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+{{tag>Related}}
 IEMT Practitioners are encouraged to investigate and learn the different nursing models[(Nursingtheory>Nursing theory[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory|Wikipedia]])]
-[(NursingTheories>Nursing Theories & Models[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/|nursing-theory.org]])][(Nursing_theories>Nursing theories - open access articles on Nursing theories and models[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/|currentnursing.com]])] in order to better understand how to systematize their work with their clients.
+[(NursingTheories>Nursing Theories & Models[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/|nursing-theory.org]])][(Nursing_theories>Nursing theories - open access articles on Nursing theories and models[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/|currentnursing.com]])][( :harvard:Riehl1980>>
+authors   : C. Riehl
+title     : Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice (Archive.org Online Library)
+published : 1980
+publisher : Century Crofts
+url       : https://archive.org/details/conceptualmodels0000rieh
+)] in order to better understand how to systematize their work with their clients.
 Nursing models have been tried and tested, updated, and adjusted by countless healthcare professionals over many decades and as such have taken on an archetypal quality. Many of the learnings and practicalities within the model's implementation can be readily applied to other healthcare disciplines of practice.
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 </blockquote>
-The model includes four key components:
+The model names several key components:
-  - the individual
-  - the environment
-  - health
-  - nursing
+  - **The individual**: The model focuses on the individual as the primary target of health promotion efforts. It recognizes that individuals have unique characteristics, experiences, and perspectives that influence their health behaviors.
+  - **Personal factors**: The model identifies personal factors such as knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that influence health behaviors. These factors are seen as important determinants of health and are targeted in health promotion efforts.
+  - **Social support and relationships**: The model recognizes the importance of social support and relationships in promoting health. It suggests that positive social interactions and support can positively influence health behaviors and outcomes.
+  - **The environment**: The model focuses on the role of the environment in promoting health. It recognizes that access to health services and resources, as well as the physical, social, and cultural environment, can influence health behaviors and outcomes.
+  - **Health behaviors**: The model recognizes that health behaviors, such as exercise, diet, and self-care, are important determinants of health and should be targeted in health promotion efforts.
+  - **Health outcomes**: The model focuses on the ultimate goal of health promotion, which is to improve health outcomes. It suggests that by addressing the multiple determinants of health, individuals can achieve optimal health outcomes.
 The individual is seen as a unique being with unique health needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. Health is defined as a positive state of well-being, and nursing is seen as a process of facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health.
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 url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0135142776
 )][(neumansystemsmod>The Neuman systems model - Full book[[https://archive.org/details/neumansystemsmod00neum|archive.org]])]. The model focuses on the individual as a whole person and emphasizes the importance of understanding the person in the context of their environment.
-{{ youtube>K1KGHNCF-pU?small}}
+<blockquote right 30%>Optimal wellness is the greater possible
+degree of system stability at a given point in
+time<cite>Neuman, 2002</cite></blockquote>
 The model is based on the concept that the individual is a system made up of various subsystems, such as physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that the individual's health and well-being are influenced by the interactions between these subsystems and the external environment.
 The model includes three main components: the individual, the environment, and the nursing process. The individual is seen as a unique being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health.
-The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of assessing the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.
+Betty Neuman's Systems Model includes the concept of "lines of resistance," which refer to the various levels of protection that individuals have against stressors. These lines of resistance include physical, psychological, and social barriers that help to protect the individual from stressors and maintain system equilibrium.
+  - **Physical line of resistance**: This line of resistance includes the body's natural defense mechanisms, such as the immune system, which help to protect the individual from physical stressors such as infection.
+  - **Psychological line of resistance**: This line of resistance includes the individual's coping mechanisms, such as problem-solving skills and emotional regulation, which help to protect the individual from psychological stressors such as anxiety and depression.
+  - **Social line of resistance**: This line of resistance includes the individual's social support systems, such as family, friends, and community, which help to protect the individual from social stressors such as isolation and discrimination.
+According to Neuman's theory, when stressors are encountered, and the lines of resistance are breached, the individual's system equilibrium is disrupted. The model suggests that nurses must assess the individual's lines of resistance and take appropriate action to minimize the impact of stressors and restore system equilibrium.
+<blockquote>Optimal client system stability means the
+highest possible health condition achievable
+at a given point in time<cite>Neuman, 2002</cite></blockquote>
+The model defines prevention as the identification and management of stressors that have the potential to disrupt the individual's system equilibrium, and suggests that nurses must be able to identify these stressors and take appropriate action to minimize their impact.
+Neuman's Systems Model proposes three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
+  - **Primary prevention**: This level of prevention focuses on preventing the occurrence of stressors and the development of illness in the first place. This can be achieved by providing health education, promoting healthy lifestyles, and providing access to preventive health services.
+  - **Secondary prevention**: This level of prevention focuses on early detection and intervention to minimize the impact of stressors and illness. This can be achieved by providing screening and diagnostic services, and early treatment.
+  - **Tertiary prevention**: This level of prevention focuses on rehabilitation and recovery from illness, and preventing recurrence. This can be achieved by providing rehabilitation services, and helping patients to manage chronic conditions.
+<WRAP RIGHT 400px>
+<figure>{{:neuman_s_systems_model.jpg| The Neuman Systems Model of Nursing}}<caption>Neuman, B. (2005). The Neuman Systems Model of Nursing [overview of the Neuman Systems Model]. Copyright permission granted for educational purposes by Dr. Betty Neuman (2005).</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+Overall, Neuman's Systems Model emphasizes the importance of prevention in maintaining health and well-being, and suggests that nurses must be able to identify and manage stressors to minimize their impact. The model also highlights the importance of providing education, promoting healthy lifestyles and providing access to preventive health services to prevent illness from occurring in the first place, provide early detection and intervention to minimize the impact of stressors and illness, and provide rehabilitation and recovery from illness and preventing recurrence.
-Neuman's Systems Model also emphasizes the importance of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in maintaining and restoring health. Primary prevention focuses on maintaining health by identifying and reducing risk factors, secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt intervention of health problems, and tertiary prevention aims to minimize the effects of chronic or long-term illness.
 Neuman's Systems Model is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.
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   - **Outcome Identification **: The nurse works with the person to identify their desired outcomes, taking into account the person's unique perspective and experiences. Outcomes may include physical, psychological, and social well-being.
   - **Planning **: The nurse develops a plan of care that is tailored to the person's unique needs and goals. The plan of care should be flexible and open to change as the person's needs and goals evolve over time.
-  - **Implementation**: The nurse carries out the plan of care, working in partnership with the person to promote their health and well-being. The nurse also evaluates the effectiveness of the plan of care and makes adjustments as necessary.
+  - **Implementation**: The nurse carries out the plan of care, working in partnership with the person to promote their health and well-being.
-  - **Evaluation**
+  - **Evaluation**: The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the plan of care in achieving the patient's desired outcomes. The nurse also considers the patient's unique perspective and experiences in making this evaluation.
 The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.
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 The nursing process includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.
-The Human Becoming Theory is based on the concept of "human becoming" which refers to the individual's unique experience of the world and the meaning they attach to it. The model emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and the nurse's role in facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health and well-being.
+The Human Becoming Theory is based on the concept of "human becoming" which refers to the individual's unique experience of the world and the meaning they attach to it. The concept of "human becoming" suggests that individuals are constantly evolving and changing as they interact with their environment. Health is viewed as a process of becoming, rather than a static state, and is defined as the person's ability to engage in the process of becoming. The model emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and the nurse's role in facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health and well-being.
 Parse's Human Becoming Theory is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.
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 The model is based on the idea that the individual is a holistic being, made up of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that health and well-being are maintained through the balance and harmony of these components, and that the individual's unique needs and characteristics play a major role in this balance.
-The Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.
+The nursing process in Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory consists of four steps:
+  - Identification of patient's needs: This step involves gathering data about the patient's health status, including their physical, psychological, and social well-being. The nurse uses non-directive communication techniques, such as active listening and open-ended questions, to understand the patient's subjective experience of their health and illness.
+  - Planning: The nurse develops a plan of care that is tailored to the patient's unique needs, values, and beliefs. The plan of care should be flexible and open to change as the patient's needs and goals evolve over time.
+  - Implementation: The nurse carries out the plan of care, working in partnership with the patient to promote their health and well-being. The nurse also evaluates the effectiveness of the plan of care and makes adjustments as necessary.
+  - Evaluation: The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the plan of care in achieving the patient's desired outcomes. The nurse also considers the patient's unique perspective and experiences in making this evaluation.
+The nursing process in Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory is an ongoing, iterative process that is focused on understanding the patient as a holistic, dynamic, and constantly changing being. The theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the patient's perspective and experiences, promoting self-care, and working in partnership with the patient to support them in achieving their desired outcomes.
+The Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.