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--- nlp_s_eye_movements_model [2022/12/28 12:10] – tom
+++ nlp_s_eye_movements_model [2023/03/06 10:11] (current) – Remove socialite tom
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-====== Neuro Linguistic Programming - Eye Pattern Origins ======
+{{tag>Related NLP}}
+====== Representational Systems and Eye Movements in NLP ======
-**History**
-In Neuro-Linguistic Programming[(NLP>Neuro-linguistic programming[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming|Wikipedia]])], eye movements are claimed to represent specific internal representations that correlate to Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, and Internal Dialogue processes. It is one of the controversial topics that was used at certain points to discredit parts of NLP, and at the same time paved the way for the creation of Eye movement processes such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), as claimed by NLP Co-Creator John G. Grinder. Other processes that came as a bi-product of that discovery were EMI (Eye Movement Integration) developed by Steve and Connirae Andreas, and IEMT (Integral Eye Movement Therapy) developed by Andrew T. Austin.
+In neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)[(NLP>NLP[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming|Wikipedia]])], the concept of representational systems refers to the way that people process and represent information in their minds. According to NLP, there are five primary representational systems: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, and gustatory. The are also abreviated under the acronym VAKOG[(NLPRepresentational>Representational systems (NLP)[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_systems_(NLP)|Wikipedia]])].
-One of the first people to suggest that eye movements were related to internal representations[(NLPRepresentational>Representational systems (NLP)[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_systems_(NLP)|Wikipedia]])] was the American Psychologist, who is touted by many to be the father of modern psychology, William James in his book Principles of Psychology (1890, pp. 193-195). After observing the micro-eye-movements that were happening as the person was thinking a certain thought, James wrote:
+The **visual** representational system refers to the way that people process and represent information through their sense of sight. This can include the use of images, colors, and spatial relationships.
-// "In attending to either an idea or a sensation belonging to a particular sense-sphere, the movement is the adjustment of the sense-organ, felt as it occurs. I cannot think in visual terms, or example, without feeling a fluctuating play of pressures, convergences, divergences, and accommodations in my eyeballs...When I try to remember or reflect, the movements in question. . .feel like a sort of withdrawal from the outer world. As far as I can detect, these feelings are due to an actual rolling outwards and upwards of the eyeballs."//
+The **auditory** representational system refers to the way that people process and represent information through their sense of hearing. This can include the use of sounds, tones, and rhythms.
-In the selected paragraph, what James is referring to is what is correlated as the visual eye-accessing cue [eyes moving up and to the left or right for visualization]. This discovery was then disregarded until the 1970s when psychologists such as Kinsbourne (1972), Kocel et al (1972), and Galin & Ornstein (1974) when they connected specific eye movements to be connected to specific processes related to different brain hemispheres. They saw that right-handed people tended to move their heads and eyes to the right during "left-hemispheric" (logic and language-oriented) tasks and to move their heads and eyes to the left during "right-hemispheric" (imagistic and space-oriented) tasks. Moreover, people tended to look in the other direction of the part of the brain they were using to complete a mental task.
+The **kinesthetic** representational system refers to the way that people process and represent information through their sense of touch and movement. This can include the use of physical sensations, emotions, and body language.
-As Bandler and Grinder started developing NLP in the early to mid-1970s, {{ :pbdbebo_ec028_h.jpg?150|}}  they asked their students one day to start exploring the relationship between the senses, in addition to the different mental processes associated with the different hemispheric regions. In one seminar Bandler mentioned that he was surprised that the therapeutic field had not picked up on these movements, that was blatantly obvious, where even the people who were involved in the animation and cartoon field had picked up on that, especially the creators of the “Betty Boop” cartoons where she used to be drawn to look in specific directions when she was thinking in a certain way.
+The **olfactory** representational system refers to the way that people process and represent information through their sense of smell.
-After that, Robert Dilts did a study, at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in San Francisco, trying to connect the eye movements to specific mental and neurophysiological processes. He used electrodes to track the eye movements and brain wave characteristics of the people he was working with. He asked specific questions that contained visual, auditory, and kinesthetic aspects that were either memory or imagination related, that are related to different hemispheric functions. The questions were grouped into 8 categories, and each category triggered a different mental function related to the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (feeling) senses. The questions were directed to either memory (non-dominant hemisphere processing) or creation (dominant hemisphere processing). His recordings tended to confirm other tests which claimed that the direction of eye movements accompanied brain activity during different cognitive activities. This pattern also seemed to stay the same for tasks related to different senses.
+The **gustatory** representational system refers to the way that people process and represent information through their sense of taste.
+In NLP, practitioners may use the concept of representational systems to understand how a person processes and represents information, and to communicate more effectively with that person. For example, if a person tends to use primarily visual language (such as "I see what you mean"), it might indicate that they are using the visual representational system. NLP practitioners can use this information to communicate with the person in a way that is more aligned with their preferred representational system.
-From the Dilts’ experiments, and the observation of different people from different countries and backgrounds, the NLP Eye Accessing Cues were extrapolated and identified as follows (Dilts, 1976, 1977; Grinder, DeLozier and Bandler, 1977; Bandler and Grinder, 1979; Dilts, Grinder, Bandler and DeLozier, 1980):
+===== Eye movements and internal representations =====
-Eyes Up and Left: Visual Remembered (Vr). {{ :eyeaccessingcues.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+One of the first people to suggest that eye movements were related to internal representations[(NLPRepresentational>Representational systems (NLP)[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_systems_(NLP)|Wikipedia]])] was the American Psychologist, who is touted by many to be the father of modern psychology, William James in his book Principles of Psychology [( :harvard:James1890>>
+authors   : William James
+title     : The principles of psychology
+publisher : Openlibrary
+published : 1890
+url       : https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7112992M/The_principles_of_psychology
+)]. After observing the micro-eye-movements that were happening as the person was thinking a certain thought, James wrote:
-Eyes Up and Right: Visual Constructed (Vc).
+<blockquote>"In attending to either an idea or a sensation belonging to a particular sense-sphere, the movement is the adjustment of the sense-organ, felt as it occurs. I cannot think in visual terms, or example, without feeling a fluctuating play of pressures, convergences, divergences, and accommodations in my eyeballs...When I try to remember or reflect, the movements in question. . .feel like a sort of withdrawal from the outer world. As far as I can detect, these feelings are due to an actual rolling outwards and upwards of the eyeballs."<cite>Principles of Psychology (pp. 193-195)</cite></blockquote>
-Eyes Lateral Left: Auditory Remembered (Ar) and tonal discrimination.
+According to NLP theory, certain eye movements are associated with specific types of thoughts or mental processes. For example, looking up to the left is said to be associated with accessing visual memories, while looking down to the right is said to be associated with accessing auditory memories. NLP practitioners may use eye movements as part of an assessment of a person's thoughts and emotional state, and may also use eye movement techniques as a way to help people change their thoughts or behaviors.
+=====Notation and strategies=====
+In documenting mental strategies and processing by the senses, NLP practitioners often use a simple shorthand for different modalities, with a letter indicating the representation system concerned, and often, a superscript to indicate how that system is being used. Three key aspects are commonly notated: The ''representation system'' being used (visual/V, auditory/A, kinesthetic/K, and occasionally, O/G), whether the ''direction of attention'' is internal <sup>(i)</sup> or external <sup>(e)</sup>, and whether the event is a ''recollection'' of an actual past event <sup>(r)</sup> or ''construction'' of an imaginary event <sup>(c)</sup>. Due to its importance in human cognitive processing, auditory internal dialogue, or talking in one's head, has its own shorthand: A<sup>id</sup>.
-Eyes Lateral Right: Auditory Constructed - i.e., constructed sounds and words (Ac).
+Putting these together, this is a very simplified example of some steps which might actually be involved in replying to a simple question such as "Do you like that dress?".  The table below is useful for teaching how to identify and access each representational system in context:
-Eyes Down and Left: Internal dialogue, or Auditory Digital (Ad).
+| Step || Activity ||Notation || What it's being used for
+| 1 || auditory external || A<sup>e</sup> || Hear the question
+| 2 || visual internal || V<sup>i</sup> || picture to oneself the ''meaning'' of the question
+| 3 || visual external || V<sup>e</sup> || look at the dress
+| 4 || visual internal constructed || V<sup>ic</sup> || create a mental image of the dress worn by the person
+| 5 || kinesthetic internal || K<sup>i</sup> || get an internal feeling from looking at it
+| 6 || auditory internal dialog || A<sup>id</sup> || ask oneself 'Do I like that impression?'
+| 7 || auditory external || A<sup>e</sup> || reply
-Eyes Down and Right: Feelings, both tactile and sensory (K).
+Logically, these or similar steps ''must'' take place somewhere in consciousness in order to cognitively make sense of the question and answer it. A sequence of this kind is known in NLP as a strategy – in this case, a functional outline of the strategy used by the mind in answering that question. In a similar way, the process leading to a panic attack of the form "I see the clock, ask myself where the kids are, imagine everything that could be happening and feel scared" might be notated as having a subjective structure: V<sup>e</sup> → A<sup>id</sup> → V<sup>ic</sup> → K<sup>i</sup>, signifying that an external sight leads to internal dialog (a question), followed by internal and constructed images, leading to a feeling.
-Eyes Straight Ahead, but Defocused or Dilated: Quick access of almost any sensory information; but usually visual.
+<WRAP RIGHT 400px>
+<figure>{{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.jpg/500px-Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.jpg
+  | The most common arrangement for eye accessing cues in a right-handed person.}}<caption>[[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.jpg|Windhorse]] „ Eye Movements in NPL“ [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en| CC-BY-SA-3.0]]</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
-This patterning was seen in the NLP studies to be consistent with right-handed people, which they called “Normally organized”, and that appeared to be prevalent with the majority of the people tested. There was an exception in the Basques regions that had a more frequent occurrence of what was called “Reverse organized”, and were exceptions to the rule. More studies were done by Loiselle, 1985 and Buckner, Reese, and Reese, 1987, which supported the NLP claims. The reverse organizations were seen in many left-handed individuals, and their eye accessing cues were seen as the reverse image of those of an average right-handed individual. A smaller percentage of people, that was ambidextrous and a few right-handers were seen as reversed in some of their eye accessing cues (auditory eye movements, for example) but not the others.
+Note: – NLP does ''not'' say it is 'always' this way, but rather that one should check whether reliable correlations seem to exist for an individual, and if so what they are
+Common (but not universal) Western layout of eye accessing cues:
-Here is a way for you to test the NLP patterns on yourself. Find someone, and get them to ask you questions like the following to notice the different movements:
+* Upwards (left/right) – Visual (V) – "I can ''imagine'' the big ''picture''"
+* Level (left/right) – Auditory (A) –  "Let's ''tone'' down the ''discussion''"
+* Down-right—Kinesthetic (K) – "to ''grasp'' a concept" or "to ''gather'' you've understood."
+* Down-left Auditory internal dialogue (A<sup>id</sup>) – talking to oneself inside
+Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_systems_(NLP)|Wikipedia]]|[[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en| CC-BY-SA-3.0]]
+====Do it yourself====
+It's important to note that while there is some evidence to support the idea that eye movements are related to internal representations, this is still an area of active research and there is not yet a consensus among experts in the field. Some research has found a relationship between eye movements and internal representations, while other research has not.
+Here is a way for you to test the NLP patterns on yourself.[(EP>NLP Eye Patterns filmed by Toby and Kate McCartney.[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhYoHJTRK94|Youtube]])] Find someone, and get them to ask you questions like the following to notice the different movements:
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 **Kinesthetic**: What would it feel like if you were walking on hot sand right now? How does it feel like to walk in the rain?
-{{ :eye_movement_locations.png?nolink&600 |}}