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--- models [2023/02/11 17:53] – [Francine Shapiro] tom
+++ models [2023/12/23 21:20] (current) – tom
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-====== Eye Movement Models ======
+{{tag>IEMT}}
+====== Other Eye Movement Models ======
 //**Note: References and quotes need to be added for all sections**//
+===== Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) =====
+See [[emdr|]].
 ===== Eye Movement Integration (EMI) =====
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   * EMDR uses typically lateral saccades similar to rapid eye movement (REM), while in EMI smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) in multiple directions and patterns are an essential part of the therapy.
-  * In EMDR, the eye movements are done as quickly and rapidly as possible, again as this was likely the case in its original form.
+  * In EMDR, the eye movements are done as quickly and rapidly as possible, again as this was likely the case in its original form. In EMDR there is a use of all kinds of Bilateral Stimulation (Eye movments, tones, kinesthetics).
   * EMI on the other hand is much more within the client’s tolerance, where the speed and range of the movements is generally much slower, and done at the pace that the client is comfortable with.
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 ==== How does Brainspotting work? ====
+<WRAP 300 RIGHT>
+{{youtube>lm3Plvaf3UE}}
+</WRAP>
 According to David Grand, the direction in which people look or gaze can affect the way they feel. Throughout the brainspotting process, therapists help individuals position their eyes in various ways that enable them to target the source of a negative emotion.
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 ----
-===== Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) =====
-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)[(Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing>Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing|Wikipedia]])] is an evidence-based psychotherapy treatment modality used to effectively treat a wide range of psychological issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Its efficacy has been extensively studied and documented.
-This therapy works by activating different networks in the brain that store and process traumatic material while simultaneously using eye movements, tones, and tactile taps to stimulate the processing of memories related to the trauma.
-In EMDR therapy, the therapist helps the client to identify connected thoughts, memories, images, and sensations related to the traumatic experience, then guides them through a series of alternating bilateral stimulation exercises.
-Additionally, EMDR can also be used in combination with other treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy for individuals on waiting lists for more intensive mental health services.
-{{ :img5.png |}}
-EMDR has established its effectiveness in treating trauma and PTSD in children and adults, alongside other mental health conditions such as:
-  * Anxiety, panic attacks, and phobias
-  * Chronic illness and medical issues
-  * Depression and bipolar disorders
-  * Dissociative disorders
-  * Eating disorders
-  * Grief and loss
-  * Pain
-  * Performance anxiety
-  * Sleep disturbance
-  * Substance abuse and addiction
-  * Violence and abuse
-Although some may prefer traditional treatments like medications and talk therapy, others may find that EMDR can accelerate the process of healing. EMDR therapy is considered a safe form of treatment and aims to leave you with the emotions, understanding, and perspectives that promote healthy, positive change.
-==== What does the process look like? ====
-[[emdr|EMDR]] is widely recommended by many of the leading mental health organizations around the world. The treatment process consists of multiple phases, including:
-**Phase 1:** History and Treatment Planning. The first phase of EMDR is a history-taking session, where you and your therapist will identify possible targets for therapy. With a greater understanding of you and your needs, your therapist will then develop a treatment plan that targets:
-  * the event(s) that occurred
-  * the current
-  * the present circumstances that cause distress
-  * the necessary abilities or behaviours needed to learn in the long term
-**Phase 2**:  Preparation. During the second phase of EMDR, your therapist will guide you in learning different coping and relaxation strategies to handle emotional distress. These stress reduction techniques are meant for you to use during and between sessions. Since EMDR tends to produce rapid change, the goal is to maintain balance and equilibrium in your day-to-day life.
-**Phases 3-6**: Assessment. During the third phase, you and your therapist will identify particular memories and the components associated with them, including:
-  * A detailed mental picture of a target event (from phase 1)
-  * A negative belief about yourself associated with the event
-  * Relevant emotions and physical sensations
-**Phases 4-7**: Treatment. These phases focus on using EMDR therapy techniques to treat the targeted memories. While focusing on the mental image, emotion, or belief, your therapist will ask you to follow specific eye movements. These movements are also known as bilateral stimulation and can include other repetitive activities such as tapping.
-Afterwards, your therapist will ask you to clear your mind and pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that arise spontaneously. Once they're identified, your therapist may direct your attention back to the traumatic memory and move forward with another.
-In case you get distressed, your therapist will guide you in returning to the present moment. This process is repeated until the distress over specific thoughts, images, or memories starts to fade.
-**Phase 8**: Evaluation. In the final phase of treatment, you'll examine your progress.
-====Francine Shapiro====
-Francine Shapiro, Ph.D.[(Francine_Shapiro>Francine Shapiro[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Shapiro|Wikipedia]])], is a clinical psychologist, research scientist and innovator who is credited with the development of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy.
-As the originator of EMDR, Dr. Shapiro has conducted groundbreaking research demonstrating its efficacy for treating conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, specific phobias and other psychological traumas. She has also developed an approach to understanding how memories become distorted over time and how they can be reframed ever more effective ways with EMDR therapy.
-In addition to her research into EMDR, Dr. Shapiro is the author of several books on mental health topics related to trauma resolution, including Getting Past Your Past: Take Control of Your Life with Self-Help Techniques from EMDR Therapy (2012)[( :harvard:Shapiro2012>>
-authors   : Shapiro, F.
-title     : Getting Past Your Past: Take Control of Your Life with Self-Help Techniques from EMDR Therapy.
-published : 2012
-publisher : Rodale Books
-isbn      : 1-59486-425-X
-url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59486-425-X
-)]. Through her work in promoting EMDR therapy around the world, Dr. Shapiro has had a profound impact on helping individuals address even long-standing traumas quickly, effectively and without much need for medications or psychotherapy substitutes.
-====Bessel van der Kolk====
-EMDR gained mainstream acceptance with the neuroimaging studies of PTSD and of Dissociative Identity Disorder by Bessel van der Kolk.H received the first grants from the National Institutes of Health to study and publish about EMDR.[(BVK>Levin, P; Lazrove, S; van der Kolk, BA (1999). "What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of PTSD by EMDR". J Anxiety Disord. 13 (1–2): 159–172. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00045-0. PMID 10225506.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887618598000450?via%3Dihub|sciencedirect.com]])]
-<blockquote>
-An important implication of these findings is that successful treatment of PTSD does not reduce arousal at the limbic level, but instead, enhances the ability to differentiate real from imagined threat.
-<CITE>Bessel van der Kolk</CITE>
-</blockquote>
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 ===== Submodality Eye Accessing Cues (SMEACs) =====
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 However, it is important to note that the validity of the SMEAC model and its applications in NLP have been disputed by some researchers.