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false_memory_syndrome [2023/01/05 15:26] – [Valerie Sinason] tomfalse_memory_syndrome [2024/03/15 11:40] (current) – tom
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 +{{tag>Related Memory}} 
 ==== False Memory Syndrome ==== ==== False Memory Syndrome ====
  
 +Integral Eye Movement Therapy (IEMT) is a somatic therapy that works primarily by resolving memories of traumatic experience by de-potentiating the emotional component of the experience. It is vital that IEMT Practitioners understand the implications of working with memory.
      
- 
- 
 ==== Implicit Suggestion and Leading Questions ==== ==== Implicit Suggestion and Leading Questions ====
  
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 False memory is not the same as basic memory failures. While we are all susceptible to memory fallibility, false memory is more than a simple error; it entails a level of certainty in the memory's reality. We May face memory errors from time to time, but false memories are unusual in that they constitute a specific remembrance of something that did not actually occur. It's not about forgetting or mixing up specifics of things we've done; it's about recalling things we've never done in the first place. False memory is not the same as basic memory failures. While we are all susceptible to memory fallibility, false memory is more than a simple error; it entails a level of certainty in the memory's reality. We May face memory errors from time to time, but false memories are unusual in that they constitute a specific remembrance of something that did not actually occur. It's not about forgetting or mixing up specifics of things we've done; it's about recalling things we've never done in the first place.
  
-One way that false memories can form is via questions that are loaded with implicit suggestions and/or presupposition that suggest certain events may have happened. Despite the question taking the form of being “just a question” and elicitation of information, the effect of “leading questions” is well established in both law and psychology. +One way that false memories can form is via questions that are loaded with implicit suggestions and/or presupposition that suggest certain events may have happened. Despite the question taking the form of being “just a question” and elicitation of information, the effect of “leading questions” is well established in both law and psychology.[(MemoryWars>The Memory Wars Then and Now: The Contributions of Scott O. Lilienfeld[[https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221133034|journals.sagepub.com]])] 
 + 
  
 A question asked of a witness in a manner that suggests the answer sought by the questioner (e.g. “You threw the brick through the window, didn't you?”) or that assumes the existence of disputed facts to which the witness is to testify. Leading questions may not be asked during examination-in-chief (except relating to formal matters, such as the witness's name and address) but may normally be asked in cross-examination.[(leading_question>leading question[[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100055949|Oxford Reference]])]  A question asked of a witness in a manner that suggests the answer sought by the questioner (e.g. “You threw the brick through the window, didn't you?”) or that assumes the existence of disputed facts to which the witness is to testify. Leading questions may not be asked during examination-in-chief (except relating to formal matters, such as the witness's name and address) but may normally be asked in cross-examination.[(leading_question>leading question[[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100055949|Oxford Reference]])] 
  
 +Further examples of leading questions:
 +
 +  - "Don't you agree that this new policy is a good idea?"
 +  - "Isn't it true that you were feeling really stressed out that day?"
 +  - "Didn't you say that you were at home all night?"
 +  - "Did you really mean to break that vase?"
 +  - "You don't have any plans for the weekend, do you?"
 +
 +Leading questions are those that suggest a particular answer or contain a biased or loaded phrase. They can be used to influence or manipulate the person being questioned, and they can make it difficult for the person to give a genuine or unbiased response.
 +
 +In British law, the use of leading questions in law courts is generally not allowed during direct examination, which is the questioning of a witness by the party who called them to give evidence. Leading questions are considered to be those that suggest an answer or that contain biased or loaded language, and they are thought to be more likely to influence the witness's testimony.
 +
 +During direct examination, the goal is to allow the witness to give their evidence in their own words and to test their memory and recollection of events. Allowing the witness to answer questions in their own words and without being influenced by leading questions is thought to help ensure that the witness's testimony is genuine and unbiased.
 +
 +However, during cross-examination, which is the questioning of a witness by the opposing party, leading questions may be allowed. The purpose of cross-examination is to challenge and test the witness's evidence and to try to expose any contradictions or inconsistencies. Leading questions may be used as a means of doing this.
 +
 +It is up to the judge to decide whether a particular question is a leading question and whether it is appropriate to allow it in court. The judge has the discretion to disallow any questions that they feel are inappropriate or that could unduly influence the witness's testimony.
  
 ==== The Ingram Case ====  ==== The Ingram Case ==== 
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 that only by pleading guilty could he hope for any reconciliation with the family. that only by pleading guilty could he hope for any reconciliation with the family.
 A defendant who had weeks to retract his admission of voluntariness by putting on evidence of coercion has a heavy burden, and that task will be especially difficult "where there are other apparent reasons for pleading guilty, such as a generous plea bargain or virtually incontestable evidence of guilt." A defendant who had weeks to retract his admission of voluntariness by putting on evidence of coercion has a heavy burden, and that task will be especially difficult "where there are other apparent reasons for pleading guilty, such as a generous plea bargain or virtually incontestable evidence of guilt."
-<cite right 50%> IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON+<cite right 70%> IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 13613-9-II THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 13613-9-II
 Respondent, Division Two Respondent, Division Two
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-It’s been said that when someone is lying, they tend to narrate specific details to make you believe them. Our brain functions similarly to a computer, storing anything we feed it. If we provide it incorrect information, it will store incorrect information. It convinces us that a memory exists because it truly took place. Memories tend to be in fragments as we recall them, and we realize that there are a bunch of loopholes and we can begin to fill in the loopholes ourselves by whichever piece of the puzzle fits perfectly.+It’s been said that when someone is lying, they tend to narrate specific details to make you believe them. Our brain functions similarly to a computer, storing anything we feed it. If we provide it incorrect information, it will store incorrect information. It convinces us that a memory exists because it truly took place. Memories tend to be in fragments as we recall them, and we realize that there are a bunch of loopholes and we can begin to fill in the loopholes ourselves by whichever piece of the puzzle fits perfectly.[(CreatingMemories>Creating Memories for False Autobiographical Events in Childhood: A Systematic Review [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.3220|onlinelibrary.wiley.com]])] 
  
 Sometimes we may mix components of many experiences in our memory to form a single one. When we recollect a memory, we are recalling past experiences. However, the chronology has become jumbled or muddled as a result of the collection of events that have now formed a single recollection in your mind. Sometimes we may mix components of many experiences in our memory to form a single one. When we recollect a memory, we are recalling past experiences. However, the chronology has become jumbled or muddled as a result of the collection of events that have now formed a single recollection in your mind.
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 <blockquote center> <blockquote center>
 "Not all cases of false memory arise from therapeutic practice. Increasingly, the request for 'memory recovery therapy' is initiated by a client who has read one of a number of self-help books. The Courage to Heal (Bass & Davis, 1988) promulgates the view that forgotten sexual abuse lies at the root of almost all adult psychiatric problems and that unless it is brought fully into consciousness, treatment will prove ineffective. The very inability to recall abuse is taken as a sign that abuse has occurred but is being 'denied' through the process of repression. The therapist and patient embark together upon the process of recovering hidden memories. This approach is supported by the existence of check-lists of symptoms that these therapists believe to be indicative of represses sexual abuse." "Not all cases of false memory arise from therapeutic practice. Increasingly, the request for 'memory recovery therapy' is initiated by a client who has read one of a number of self-help books. The Courage to Heal (Bass & Davis, 1988) promulgates the view that forgotten sexual abuse lies at the root of almost all adult psychiatric problems and that unless it is brought fully into consciousness, treatment will prove ineffective. The very inability to recall abuse is taken as a sign that abuse has occurred but is being 'denied' through the process of repression. The therapist and patient embark together upon the process of recovering hidden memories. This approach is supported by the existence of check-lists of symptoms that these therapists believe to be indicative of represses sexual abuse."
-<cite>"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Implications for clinical practice", p. 298 [( :harvard:Psych1998>>+<cite right 70%>"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Implications for clinical practice", p. 298 [( :harvard:Psych1998>>
 authors   : Sydney Brandon,Janet Boakes, Danya Glaser and Richard Green authors   : Sydney Brandon,Janet Boakes, Danya Glaser and Richard Green
 title     : Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse Implications for clinical practice title     : Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse Implications for clinical practice
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 In the case of ritual abuse, we are asked to believe that people can organize themselves into groups for the purpose of torturing children. There would seem to be a significant difference here in what we are asked to believe.” In the case of ritual abuse, we are asked to believe that people can organize themselves into groups for the purpose of torturing children. There would seem to be a significant difference here in what we are asked to believe.”
-<cite>Valerie Sinason, Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs[( :harvard:Orit2011>>+<cite>Valerie Sinason, Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs [( :harvard:Orit2011>>
 authors   : Orit Badouk-Epstein, Joseph Schwartz, Rachel Wingfield Schwartz authors   : Orit Badouk-Epstein, Joseph Schwartz, Rachel Wingfield Schwartz
 title     : Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs title     : Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs
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 <cite>Elizabeth Loftus</cite> <cite>Elizabeth Loftus</cite>
 </blockquote> </blockquote>
 +
 +==== "Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria" by R. Ofshe and E. Watters====
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/4145TF8VHWL.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP>
 +"Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria"[(MakingMonster>Making monsters : false memories, psychotherapy, and sexual hysteria (Full book)[[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_flCfr4CjKP8C|archive.org]])] [(MM>Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Monsters%3A_False_Memories%2C_Psychotherapy%2C_and_Sexual_Hysteria|Wikipedia]])] [( :harvard:Ofshe1994>>
 +authors   : Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters
 +title     : Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria 
 +publisher : Scribner
 +published : 1994
 +isbn      : 0520205839
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520205839
 +)] is a 1994 book by Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters. Richard Ofshe is an American social psychologist known for his work on false confessions and coercive persuasion/mind control. He has testified as an expert witness in numerous trials. Ethan Watters is an American journalist and author who has written about psychiatry, culture, and beliefs. His other books include Crazy Like Us and The Invisible Bridge.
 +
 +Making Monsters explores how certain interrogation tactics, belief systems, and societal influences can shape people's behaviors and lead to false accusations or even push vulnerable individuals over the edge into committing horrific acts. It is critical of recovered memory movements, allegations of abuse by Satanic cults, and multiple-personality disorder diagnoses.
 +<WRAP clear/>
 +
 +==== "Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives" by Mark Pendergrast ====
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51j2Obxys-L._SY264_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_ML2_.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP>
 +"Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives" [( :harvard:Pendergrast1996>>
 +authors   : Pendergrast, Mark
 +title     : Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives 
 +publisher : Hinesburg VT
 +published : 1996
 +isbn      : 0-942679-18-0
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0942679180)] is a non-fiction book written by Mark Pendergrast, published in 1995. The book delves into the controversial and complex topic of repressed and recovered memories of sexual abuse, primarily focusing on cases that emerged during the 1980s and 1990s.
 +
 +In "Victims of Memory," Pendergrast explores the phenomenon of individuals recalling traumatic memories of childhood sexual abuse that had supposedly been repressed or forgotten. He examines various cases where people suddenly remembered these incidents during therapy sessions or other interventions. The book raises questions about the reliability of these memories, the influence of therapy techniques on their formation, and the potential for false memories to be implanted or distorted.
 +
 +Pendergrast discusses how these accusations of sexual abuse led to legal and personal consequences for both the accused and the accusers. The book also delves into the broader societal and psychological factors that played a role in the widespread belief in repressed memories during that era.
 +
 +<WRAP center> {{ youtube>h6jwo2KIdhQ| Mark Pendergrast - Memory Warp: How The Myth Of Repressed Memory Arose And Refuses To Die }} </WRAP>
 +
 +Mark Pendergrast, the author, is known for his works in various subjects, including psychology, history, and cultural studies. He's recognized for his in-depth research and investigative approach to complex topics. "Victims of Memory" is one of his notable works that critically examines the repressed memory phenomenon and its implications.
 +<WRAP clear/>
 +
 +==== "Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma" by Yapko, Michael D ====
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/518JSB5SEGL.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP>
 +"Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma"[(Suggestionsofabuse>Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma by Yapko, Michael D (Full book)[[https://archive.org/details/suggestionsofabu00yapk|archive.org]])] [( :harvard:Ofshe1994>>
 +authors   : Yapko, Michael D
 +title     : Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma
 +publisher : Simon & Schuster
 +published : 1994
 +isbn      : 0671874314
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671874314
 +)]  is a book by Michael Yapko, a clinical psychologist and expert in hypnosis. The book explores the phenomenon of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, and argues that many of these memories are false. Yapko contends that false memories can be created through a variety of factors, including suggestive questioning by therapists, exposure to media reports of abuse, and the desire to believe that one has been abused.
 +
 +The book was published in 1994, at a time when there was a growing public awareness of the issue of childhood sexual abuse. However, there was also a great deal of controversy surrounding the issue, with some people believing that recovered memories were always accurate, and others believing that they were often false. Yapko's book was one of the first to offer a comprehensive and critical examination of the recovered memory phenomenon.
 +
 +The book has been praised by some for its balanced and objective approach, and for its contribution to the debate on recovered memories. However, it has also been criticized by some for its skepticism of recovered memories.
 +
 +Here are some of the key points that Yapko makes in the book:
 +
 + - Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are often unreliable.
 + - There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that repressed memories can be recovered.
 + - False memories can be created through a variety of factors, including suggestive questioning, exposure to media reports of abuse, and the desire to believe that one has been abused.
 + - Therapists should be cautious about accepting recovered memories as accurate.
 + - People who believe that they may have been abused as children should seek professional help to evaluate their memories.
 +
 +Suggestions of Abuse is a controversial book, but it is an important contribution to the debate on recovered memories. The book provides a balanced and objective overview of the issue, and it raises important questions about the reliability of recovered memories.
 +
 +Michael Yapko is a clinical psychologist and expert in hypnosis and is a past president of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. He has written ten books as sole author, including Breaking the Patterns of Depression and Hand-Me-Down Blues. Michael Yapko is a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Hypnosis.
 +<WRAP clear/>
 +
  
 ==== The British False Memory Society (BFMS) ==== ==== The British False Memory Society (BFMS) ====
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 The British False Memory Society (BFMS) closed its operations in 2022 due to changing membership and lack of resources. Founded in 1993, the society endeavored to provide help, advice and support to anyone who felt they had been impacted by False Memory Syndrome or a related issue circulating in media and scientific discussion at the time. The organisation brought together a great deal of research on false memory impacts, with information emanating from victims and carers, legal professionals, academics and clinicians. Despite remaining active online via social media since its closure, the BFMS could no longer provide the same level of assistance it once did due to diminishing resources. The British False Memory Society (BFMS) closed its operations in 2022 due to changing membership and lack of resources. Founded in 1993, the society endeavored to provide help, advice and support to anyone who felt they had been impacted by False Memory Syndrome or a related issue circulating in media and scientific discussion at the time. The organisation brought together a great deal of research on false memory impacts, with information emanating from victims and carers, legal professionals, academics and clinicians. Despite remaining active online via social media since its closure, the BFMS could no longer provide the same level of assistance it once did due to diminishing resources.
 +
 +====  Similarities between Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) and Repressed Memories Syndrome  ====
 +<WRAP CENTER 50%>
 +{{youtube>Ih46rSOZSdg|A Continued Look at the Parallels Between ROGD and "Repressed Memories"}}
 +</WRAP>
 + 
  
  • Last modified: 2023/01/05 15:26
  • by tom