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false_memory_syndrome [2022/12/27 21:41] – tomfalse_memory_syndrome [2024/03/15 11:40] (current) – tom
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 +{{tag>Related Memory}} 
 ==== False Memory Syndrome ==== ==== False Memory Syndrome ====
  
 +Integral Eye Movement Therapy (IEMT) is a somatic therapy that works primarily by resolving memories of traumatic experience by de-potentiating the emotional component of the experience. It is vital that IEMT Practitioners understand the implications of working with memory.
      
- 
- 
 ==== Implicit Suggestion and Leading Questions ==== ==== Implicit Suggestion and Leading Questions ====
  
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 False memory is not the same as basic memory failures. While we are all susceptible to memory fallibility, false memory is more than a simple error; it entails a level of certainty in the memory's reality. We May face memory errors from time to time, but false memories are unusual in that they constitute a specific remembrance of something that did not actually occur. It's not about forgetting or mixing up specifics of things we've done; it's about recalling things we've never done in the first place. False memory is not the same as basic memory failures. While we are all susceptible to memory fallibility, false memory is more than a simple error; it entails a level of certainty in the memory's reality. We May face memory errors from time to time, but false memories are unusual in that they constitute a specific remembrance of something that did not actually occur. It's not about forgetting or mixing up specifics of things we've done; it's about recalling things we've never done in the first place.
  
-One way that false memories can form is via questions that are loaded with implicit suggestions and/or presupposition that suggest certain events may have happened. Despite the question taking the form of being “just a question” and elicitation of information, the effect of “leading questions” is well established in both law and psychology. +One way that false memories can form is via questions that are loaded with implicit suggestions and/or presupposition that suggest certain events may have happened. Despite the question taking the form of being “just a question” and elicitation of information, the effect of “leading questions” is well established in both law and psychology.[(MemoryWars>The Memory Wars Then and Now: The Contributions of Scott O. Lilienfeld[[https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221133034|journals.sagepub.com]])] 
 + 
  
 A question asked of a witness in a manner that suggests the answer sought by the questioner (e.g. “You threw the brick through the window, didn't you?”) or that assumes the existence of disputed facts to which the witness is to testify. Leading questions may not be asked during examination-in-chief (except relating to formal matters, such as the witness's name and address) but may normally be asked in cross-examination.[(leading_question>leading question[[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100055949|Oxford Reference]])]  A question asked of a witness in a manner that suggests the answer sought by the questioner (e.g. “You threw the brick through the window, didn't you?”) or that assumes the existence of disputed facts to which the witness is to testify. Leading questions may not be asked during examination-in-chief (except relating to formal matters, such as the witness's name and address) but may normally be asked in cross-examination.[(leading_question>leading question[[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100055949|Oxford Reference]])] 
  
 +Further examples of leading questions:
 +
 +  - "Don't you agree that this new policy is a good idea?"
 +  - "Isn't it true that you were feeling really stressed out that day?"
 +  - "Didn't you say that you were at home all night?"
 +  - "Did you really mean to break that vase?"
 +  - "You don't have any plans for the weekend, do you?"
 +
 +Leading questions are those that suggest a particular answer or contain a biased or loaded phrase. They can be used to influence or manipulate the person being questioned, and they can make it difficult for the person to give a genuine or unbiased response.
 +
 +In British law, the use of leading questions in law courts is generally not allowed during direct examination, which is the questioning of a witness by the party who called them to give evidence. Leading questions are considered to be those that suggest an answer or that contain biased or loaded language, and they are thought to be more likely to influence the witness's testimony.
 +
 +During direct examination, the goal is to allow the witness to give their evidence in their own words and to test their memory and recollection of events. Allowing the witness to answer questions in their own words and without being influenced by leading questions is thought to help ensure that the witness's testimony is genuine and unbiased.
 +
 +However, during cross-examination, which is the questioning of a witness by the opposing party, leading questions may be allowed. The purpose of cross-examination is to challenge and test the witness's evidence and to try to expose any contradictions or inconsistencies. Leading questions may be used as a means of doing this.
 +
 +It is up to the judge to decide whether a particular question is a leading question and whether it is appropriate to allow it in court. The judge has the discretion to disallow any questions that they feel are inappropriate or that could unduly influence the witness's testimony.
  
 ==== The Ingram Case ====  ==== The Ingram Case ==== 
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 Ingram, a deeply religious man, would not believe his daughters could possibly lie and that he must be himself repressing the memories of the abuse, thus he confessed.  As time went on with repeated questions, he began to "remember." Ingram, a deeply religious man, would not believe his daughters could possibly lie and that he must be himself repressing the memories of the abuse, thus he confessed.  As time went on with repeated questions, he began to "remember."
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>"The memories of sexual depravity were “recovered” with the help of a stand-up comic/sitcom actress-turned-charismatic Christian healer, and those memories made it all the way to the Sally Jessy Raphael show."** - LA Times**</WRAP>+<blockquote center> 
 +"The memories of sexual depravity were “recovered” with the help of a stand-up comic/sitcom actress-turned-charismatic Christian healer, and those memories made it all the way to the Sally Jessy Raphael show." 
 +<cite>LA Times</cite> 
 +</blockquote>
  
 At court, he was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. At court, he was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.
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 However, after a meticulous investigation, it was revealed that none of the events could have taken place and that Ingram, the father, was wrongfully accused. It has been reported that at some point, the daughter had heard a story of sexual abuse during a seminar and was later told by a priest that she appears to be a victim of abuse as well, simply because Erica was crying over the stories she had heard. The account reported by the daughters seemed to have been implanted by therapists who had discussed sexual abuse. However, after a meticulous investigation, it was revealed that none of the events could have taken place and that Ingram, the father, was wrongfully accused. It has been reported that at some point, the daughter had heard a story of sexual abuse during a seminar and was later told by a priest that she appears to be a victim of abuse as well, simply because Erica was crying over the stories she had heard. The account reported by the daughters seemed to have been implanted by therapists who had discussed sexual abuse.
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>Ingram also contends that his plea was the result of improper pressure from his family and his pastor, but complains principally about the tactics of his wife's divorce attorney, who told Ingram+<blockquote center>  
 +Ingram also contends that his plea was the result of improper pressure from his family and his pastor, but complains principally about the tactics of his wife's divorce attorney, who told Ingram
 that only by pleading guilty could he hope for any reconciliation with the family. that only by pleading guilty could he hope for any reconciliation with the family.
-A defendant who had weeks to retract his admission of voluntariness by putting on evidence of coercion has a heavy burden, and that task will be especially difficult "where there are other apparent reasons for pleading guilty, such as a generous plea bargain or virtually incontestable evidence of guilt."  +A defendant who had weeks to retract his admission of voluntariness by putting on evidence of coercion has a heavy burden, and that task will be especially difficult "where there are other apparent reasons for pleading guilty, such as a generous plea bargain or virtually incontestable evidence of guilt." 
- +<cite right 70%> IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
-**IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON+
 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 13613-9-II THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 13613-9-II
 Respondent, Division Two Respondent, Division Two
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 PAUL ROSS INGRAM, PAUL ROSS INGRAM,
 Appellant. Appellant.
-Filed January 22, 1992** +Filed January 22, 1992[(GGroups>Ingram Google Groups discussion[[https://groups.google.com/g/alt.true-crime/c/SBegOWCyp-Y/m/FIk6vXriKnQJ?pli=1|Google Groups]])]  </cite> 
- +</blockquote>
-https://groups.google.com/g/alt.true-crime/c/SBegOWCyp-Y/m/FIk6vXriKnQJ?pli=1</WRAP>+
  
 Ingram served his sentence despite court appeals and maintains to this day that his confession was extracted under coercion. Ingram served his sentence despite court appeals and maintains to this day that his confession was extracted under coercion.
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-It’s been said that when someone is lying, they tend to narrate specific details to make you believe them. Our brain functions similarly to a computer, storing anything we feed it. If we provide it incorrect information, it will store incorrect information. It convinces us that a memory exists because it truly took place. Memories tend to be in fragments as we recall them, and we realize that there are a bunch of loopholes and we can begin to fill in the loopholes ourselves by whichever piece of the puzzle fits perfectly.+It’s been said that when someone is lying, they tend to narrate specific details to make you believe them. Our brain functions similarly to a computer, storing anything we feed it. If we provide it incorrect information, it will store incorrect information. It convinces us that a memory exists because it truly took place. Memories tend to be in fragments as we recall them, and we realize that there are a bunch of loopholes and we can begin to fill in the loopholes ourselves by whichever piece of the puzzle fits perfectly.[(CreatingMemories>Creating Memories for False Autobiographical Events in Childhood: A Systematic Review [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.3220|onlinelibrary.wiley.com]])] 
  
 Sometimes we may mix components of many experiences in our memory to form a single one. When we recollect a memory, we are recalling past experiences. However, the chronology has become jumbled or muddled as a result of the collection of events that have now formed a single recollection in your mind. Sometimes we may mix components of many experiences in our memory to form a single one. When we recollect a memory, we are recalling past experiences. However, the chronology has become jumbled or muddled as a result of the collection of events that have now formed a single recollection in your mind.
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 The majority of recovered memories occur after months or years of therapy. The emergence of apparent recollections during self-hypnosis or self-help or mutual support groups focusing on memory recovery is an uncommon phenomenon. Once these images are produced and merge into what appears to be true memories of real occurrences, they are extremely convincing to both the client and the therapist.   The majority of recovered memories occur after months or years of therapy. The emergence of apparent recollections during self-hypnosis or self-help or mutual support groups focusing on memory recovery is an uncommon phenomenon. Once these images are produced and merge into what appears to be true memories of real occurrences, they are extremely convincing to both the client and the therapist.  
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>“The truth about our childhood is stored up in our body, and although we can repress it, we can never alter it. Our intellect can be deceived, our feelings manipulated, our perceptions confused, and our body tricked with medication. But someday the body will present its bill, for it is as incorruptible as a child who, still whole in spirit, will accept no compromises or excuses, and it will not stop tormenting us until we stop evading the truth.” +<blockquote center>“The truth about our childhood is stored up in our body, and although we can repress it, we can never alter it. Our intellect can be deceived, our feelings manipulated, our perceptions confused, and our body tricked with medication. But someday the body will present its bill, for it is as incorruptible as a child who, still whole in spirit, will accept no compromises or excuses, and it will not stop tormenting us until we stop evading the truth.” 
-― **Ellen Bass, The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse**</WRAP>+<cite right 50%>Ellen Bass, The Courage to Heal [( :harvard:Bass1988>> 
 +authors   : Ellen Bass, Laura Davis 
 +title     : The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse 
 +publisher : Harpercollins 
 +published : 1988 
 +isbn      : 978-0060551056 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060551056 
 +)]</cite> 
 +</blockquote> 
 + 
 +<blockquote center> 
 +"Not all cases of false memory arise from therapeutic practice. Increasingly, the request for 'memory recovery therapy' is initiated by a client who has read one of a number of self-help books. The Courage to Heal (Bass & Davis, 1988) promulgates the view that forgotten sexual abuse lies at the root of almost all adult psychiatric problems and that unless it is brought fully into consciousness, treatment will prove ineffective. The very inability to recall abuse is taken as a sign that abuse has occurred but is being 'denied' through the process of repression. The therapist and patient embark together upon the process of recovering hidden memories. This approach is supported by the existence of check-lists of symptoms that these therapists believe to be indicative of represses sexual abuse." 
 +<cite right 70%>"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Implications for clinical practice", p. 298 [( :harvard:Psych1998>> 
 +authors   : Sydney Brandon,Janet Boakes, Danya Glaser and Richard Green 
 +title     : Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse Implications for clinical practice 
 +publisher : Cambridge University Press 
 +published : 1998 
 +note      : The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 172 , Issue 4 , April 1998 , pp. 296 - 307  
 +url       : https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.296 
 +)]</cite> 
 +</blockquote>
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>"Not all cases of false memory arise from therapeutic practice. Increasingly, the request for 'memory recovery therapy' is initiated by a client who has read one of a number of self-help books. The Courage to Heal (Bass & Davis, 1988) promulgates the view that forgotten sexual abuse lies at the root of almost all adult psychiatric problems and that unless it is brought fully into consciousness, treatment will prove ineffective. The very inability to recall abuse is taken as a sign that abuse has occurred but is being 'denied' through the process of repression. The therapist and patient embark together upon the process of recovering hidden memories. This approach is supported by the existence of check-lists of symptoms that these therapists believe to be indicative of represses sexual abuse." -- **"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Implications for clinical practice", p. 298**</WRAP> 
  
 While there is still a way to access repressed memories by simply conversing and poking around the past experiences in a lifetime, there is no exact method to find and comb through false and authentic memories. Human memory is a very volatile and vulnerable part of us. There's a very weak and thin line that could separate the false memories and may require accounts of other people around us. For now, the only solution might be to ask other people that might have been a witness to the incident. Whether they recount authentic memory is a question for another time. While there is still a way to access repressed memories by simply conversing and poking around the past experiences in a lifetime, there is no exact method to find and comb through false and authentic memories. Human memory is a very volatile and vulnerable part of us. There's a very weak and thin line that could separate the false memories and may require accounts of other people around us. For now, the only solution might be to ask other people that might have been a witness to the incident. Whether they recount authentic memory is a question for another time.
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 Valerie Sinason[(Valerie_Sinason>Valerie Sinason[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Sinason|Wikipedia]])] is a British psychotherapist who is best known for her influential claims that satanic ritual abuse is widely practised in the UK. She was Founder Director of the Clinic for Dissociative Studies, until her retirement from long-term clinical work in December 2016. Sinason is registered with the BPC, ACP and UKCP. Dr. Sinason claims a speciality in working with abused, abusing, and dissociative patients and has appeared as an expert witness in court cases Valerie Sinason[(Valerie_Sinason>Valerie Sinason[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Sinason|Wikipedia]])] is a British psychotherapist who is best known for her influential claims that satanic ritual abuse is widely practised in the UK. She was Founder Director of the Clinic for Dissociative Studies, until her retirement from long-term clinical work in December 2016. Sinason is registered with the BPC, ACP and UKCP. Dr. Sinason claims a speciality in working with abused, abusing, and dissociative patients and has appeared as an expert witness in court cases
  
-In 1994, Sinason edited a collection of essays entitled Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse[( :harvard:Sinason1994>>+In 1994, Sinason edited a collection of essays entitled Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse [( :harvard:Sinason1994>>
 authors   : Sinason, V authors   : Sinason, V
 title     : Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse title     : Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse
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 )] that claimed satanic ritual abuse existed in the United Kingdom and that she had treated victims. )] that claimed satanic ritual abuse existed in the United Kingdom and that she had treated victims.
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>“//The substance of the attacks on the reality of organized abuse and torture of children always reduce to that old chestnut—it is unscientific. “Give us proof,” say the naysayers. “How is this different from reports of alien abduction?” say the clever-clever wags of Private Eye. Indeed. How is it different? In the case of alien abduction, we are asked to believe that visitors to this planet from outer space have kidnapped someone, taken them away, and brought them back. It is not believable.+<blockquote center>The substance of the attacks on the reality of organized abuse and torture of children always reduce to that old chestnut—it is unscientific. “Give us proof,” say the naysayers. “How is this different from reports of alien abduction?” say the clever-clever wags of Private Eye. Indeed. How is it different? In the case of alien abduction, we are asked to believe that visitors to this planet from outer space have kidnapped someone, taken them away, and brought them back. It is not believable.
  
-In the case of ritual abuse, we are asked to believe that people can organize themselves into groups for the purpose of torturing children. There would seem to be a significant difference here in what we are asked to believe//.” ** ― //Valerie Sinason, Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs//**</WRAP>+In the case of ritual abuse, we are asked to believe that people can organize themselves into groups for the purpose of torturing children. There would seem to be a significant difference here in what we are asked to believe.” 
 +<cite>Valerie Sinason, Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs [( :harvard:Orit2011>> 
 +authors   : Orit Badouk-Epstein, Joseph Schwartz, Rachel Wingfield Schwartz 
 +title     : Ritual Abuse and Mind Control: The Manipulation of Attachment Needs 
 +publisher : Routledge  
 +published : 2011 
 +isbn      : 978-1855758391 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855758391 
 +)]</cite> 
 +</blockquote>
  
-Despite Sinason claiming in 2001 and 2002 that she had clinical evidence for the widespread practice of satanic ritual abuse in the United Kingdom, a three-year Department of Health (UK) inquiry by the anthropologist Jean La Fontaine[(Jean_La_Fontaine>Jean La Fontaine[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_La_Fontaine|Wikipedia]])] into 84 alleged cases of ritual abuse that found no evidence to support such claims.+Despite Sinason claiming in 2001 and 2002 that she had clinical evidence for the widespread practice of satanic ritual abuse in the United Kingdom, a three-year Department of Health (UK) inquiry by the anthropologist Jean La Fontaine into 84 alleged cases of ritual abuse that found no evidence to support such claims.
  
 Jean La Fontaine commented on the story saying "It is not surprising to me that patients who are having treatment by Valerie Sinason would produce stories that echo such topical issues as the recent trial for receiving internet pornography and the publicity for the film Hannibal. There is good research that shows the "memories" of abuse are produced in and by the therapy." Jean La Fontaine commented on the story saying "It is not surprising to me that patients who are having treatment by Valerie Sinason would produce stories that echo such topical issues as the recent trial for receiving internet pornography and the publicity for the film Hannibal. There is good research that shows the "memories" of abuse are produced in and by the therapy."
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>//“I have stated elsewhere (Sinason 1994) that the number of children and adults tortured in the name of mainstream religious and racial orthodoxy outweighs any others. +<blockquote center>“I have stated elsewhere (Sinason 1994) that the number of children and adults tortured in the name of mainstream religious and racial orthodoxy outweighs any others. 
-Wiccans, witches, warlocks, pagans, and satanists who are not abusive and practice a legally accepted belief system are increasingly concerned at the way criminal groups closely related to the drug and pornographic industries abuse their rituals.” **― Valerie Sinason, Attachment, Trauma, and Multiplicity: Working with Dissociative Identity Disorder**//</WRAP>+Wiccans, witches, warlocks, pagans, and satanists who are not abusive and practice a legally accepted belief system are increasingly concerned at the way criminal groups closely related to the drug and pornographic industries abuse their rituals.” 
 +<cite>Valerie Sinason, Attachment, Trauma, and Multiplicity: Working with Dissociative Identity Disorder [( :harvard:Sinason2002>> 
 +authors   : Valerie sinason 
 +title     : Attachment, Trauma and Multiplicity: Working with Dissociative Identity Disorder 
 +publisher : Routledge  
 +published : 2002 
 +isbn      : 978-0415195560 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415195560 
 +)]</cite> 
 +</blockquote>
  
-In April 2016, Dr. Sinason was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the ISSTD[(ISSTD>ISSTD[[https://www.isst-d.org/about-isstd/annual-award-winners/|ISSTD]])] (International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation). In 2017, she was made a Fellow of the ISSTD and in January 2019 she was elected to their Board of Directors.+In April 2016, Dr. Sinason was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the ISSTD[(ISSTD>International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation[[https://www.isst-d.org/about-isstd/annual-award-winners/|ISSTD Annual Award Winners]])] (International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation). In 2017, she was made a Fellow of the ISSTD and in January 2019 she was elected to their Board of Directors.
  
 ==== Jean La Fontaine ==== ==== Jean La Fontaine ====
  
-Jean La Fontaine (born 1931) is a British anthropologist and emeritus professor of the London School of Economics. She has done research in Africa and the UK, on topics including ritual, gender, child abuse, witchcraft, and satanism. In 1994 she wrote a government report: **The Extent and Nature of Organised and Ritual Abuse**+Jean La Fontaine[(Jean_La_Fontaine>Jean La Fontaine[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_La_Fontaine|Wikipedia]])] (born 1931) is a British anthropologist and emeritus professor of the London School of Economics. She has done research in Africa and the UK, on topics including ritual, gender, child abuse, witchcraft, and satanism. In 1994 she wrote a government report: **The Extent and Nature of Organised and Ritual Abuse**
  
 She was born in France and received her undergraduate degree from the University of Oxford before completing a Ph.D. in social anthropology at the University of Cambridge. She was born in France and received her undergraduate degree from the University of Oxford before completing a Ph.D. in social anthropology at the University of Cambridge.
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 La Fontaine's work has been widely recognized and respected within the field of anthropology, and she has received numerous awards and honors for her contributions. In addition to her academic work, she has also written and spoken extensively for a general audience on a range of topics related to anthropology and social issues. La Fontaine's work has been widely recognized and respected within the field of anthropology, and she has received numerous awards and honors for her contributions. In addition to her academic work, she has also written and spoken extensively for a general audience on a range of topics related to anthropology and social issues.
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>//It is over 20 years since the rash of allegations that rituals of devil worship, including the sexual abuse of children, the sacrifice, and (sometimes) eating, of animals, children, and even babies, as well as other extreme acts of depravity, were being conducted across the U.K.+<blockquote center>It is over 20 years since the rash of allegations that rituals of devil worship, including the sexual abuse of children, the sacrifice, and (sometimes) eating, of animals, children, and even babies, as well as other extreme acts of depravity, were being conducted across the U.K.
  
 In 1994 I reported to the Department of Health that in the 84 cases in England and Wales that were the basis of my research, I could find no supporting evidence for the existence of such a satanic cult. In 1994 I reported to the Department of Health that in the 84 cases in England and Wales that were the basis of my research, I could find no supporting evidence for the existence of such a satanic cult.
  
-The allegations have not stopped, however, although they no longer get the publicity they used to have as, officially, satanic or ritual abuse no longer exists. It is not mentioned in guidance to social workers on the subject of abuse of children.// **- Jean La Fontaine. http://saff.nfshost.com/fontaine.htm +The allegations have not stopped, however, although they no longer get the publicity they used to have as, officially, satanic or ritual abuse no longer exists. It is not mentioned in guidance to social workers on the subject of abuse of children. 
-**</WRAP>+<cite>Jean La Fontaine. [(Fontaine>Professor Jean La Fontaine who headed the governments' official inquiry into SRA explains how the Satanic Ritual Abuse Panic was created and why the myth won't go away[[http://saff.nfshost.com/fontaine.htm|Sub-culture Alternatives Freedom Foundation S.A.F.F.]])] 
 +</cite> 
 +</blockquote> 
  
 ==== Elizabeth Loftus ==== ==== Elizabeth Loftus ====
  
-Elizabeth Loftus (born 1944) is an American cognitive psychologist best known for her research on the misinformation effect, eyewitness memory, and the formation of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Loftus' experimental and research findings are frequently used in legal settings, where she also serves as an expert witness on the subject of memory.+Elizabeth Loftus[(Elizabeth_Loftus>Elizabeth Loftus[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Loftus|Wikipedia]])] (born 1944) is an American cognitive psychologist best known for her research on the misinformation effect, eyewitness memory, and the formation of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Loftus' experimental and research findings are frequently used in legal settings, where she also serves as an expert witness on the subject of memory.
  
 Through her work, Dr. Loftus has illuminated the malleability of memory and its tendency for distortion over time and with experience. Dr. Loftus has conducted experiments creating false memories through hypnotism, leading witnesses to falsely identify perpetrators in mock trials, and other methods that challenge our understanding of the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Her groundbreaking research findings have shed light on numerous legal cases involving witness testimony, demonstrating that our memories can be manipulated by outside influences. As such, her work continues to have an impact far beyond the realms of academia - affecting social sciences and public policy - and has led to her recognition as one of the most highly cited psychological scientists in history. Through her work, Dr. Loftus has illuminated the malleability of memory and its tendency for distortion over time and with experience. Dr. Loftus has conducted experiments creating false memories through hypnotism, leading witnesses to falsely identify perpetrators in mock trials, and other methods that challenge our understanding of the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Her groundbreaking research findings have shed light on numerous legal cases involving witness testimony, demonstrating that our memories can be manipulated by outside influences. As such, her work continues to have an impact far beyond the realms of academia - affecting social sciences and public policy - and has led to her recognition as one of the most highly cited psychological scientists in history.
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 She recently made news for her involvement in the Jeffrey Epstein trial, having been hired as an expert witness by Epstein’s defense team. In her testimony, Loftus argued that circumstances of a person’s life can influence their memories, and that details of highly emotional events can easily be muddled and misinterpreted as time passes. While several attorneys attempted to challenge this notion, ultimately the jury rejected Loftus's claims and found Epstein guilty on all counts. She recently made news for her involvement in the Jeffrey Epstein trial, having been hired as an expert witness by Epstein’s defense team. In her testimony, Loftus argued that circumstances of a person’s life can influence their memories, and that details of highly emotional events can easily be muddled and misinterpreted as time passes. While several attorneys attempted to challenge this notion, ultimately the jury rejected Loftus's claims and found Epstein guilty on all counts.
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%>"When we remember something, we're taking bits and pieces of experience - sometimes from different times and places - and bringing it all together to construct what might feel like a recollection but is actually a construction. The process of calling it into conscious awareness can change it, and now you're storing something that's different. We all do this, for example, by inadvertently adopting a story we've heard." **- Elizabeth Loftus**</WRAP>+<blockquote center>"When we remember something, we're taking bits and pieces of experience - sometimes from different times and places - and bringing it all together to construct what might feel like a recollection but is actually a construction. The process of calling it into conscious awareness can change it, and now you're storing something that's different. We all do this, for example, by inadvertently adopting a story we've heard." 
 +<cite>Elizabeth Loftus</cite> 
 +</blockquote> 
 + 
 +==== "Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria" by R. Ofshe and E. Watters==== 
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/4145TF8VHWL.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP> 
 +"Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria"[(MakingMonster>Making monsters : false memories, psychotherapy, and sexual hysteria (Full book)[[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_flCfr4CjKP8C|archive.org]])] [(MM>Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Monsters%3A_False_Memories%2C_Psychotherapy%2C_and_Sexual_Hysteria|Wikipedia]])] [( :harvard:Ofshe1994>> 
 +authors   : Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters 
 +title     : Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria  
 +publisher : Scribner 
 +published : 1994 
 +isbn      : 0520205839 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520205839 
 +)] is a 1994 book by Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters. Richard Ofshe is an American social psychologist known for his work on false confessions and coercive persuasion/mind control. He has testified as an expert witness in numerous trials. Ethan Watters is an American journalist and author who has written about psychiatry, culture, and beliefs. His other books include Crazy Like Us and The Invisible Bridge. 
 + 
 +Making Monsters explores how certain interrogation tactics, belief systems, and societal influences can shape people's behaviors and lead to false accusations or even push vulnerable individuals over the edge into committing horrific acts. It is critical of recovered memory movements, allegations of abuse by Satanic cults, and multiple-personality disorder diagnoses. 
 +<WRAP clear/> 
 + 
 +==== "Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives" by Mark Pendergrast ==== 
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51j2Obxys-L._SY264_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_ML2_.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP> 
 +"Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives" [( :harvard:Pendergrast1996>> 
 +authors   : Pendergrast, Mark 
 +title     : Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives  
 +publisher : Hinesburg VT 
 +published : 1996 
 +isbn      : 0-942679-18-0 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0942679180)] is a non-fiction book written by Mark Pendergrast, published in 1995. The book delves into the controversial and complex topic of repressed and recovered memories of sexual abuse, primarily focusing on cases that emerged during the 1980s and 1990s. 
 + 
 +In "Victims of Memory," Pendergrast explores the phenomenon of individuals recalling traumatic memories of childhood sexual abuse that had supposedly been repressed or forgotten. He examines various cases where people suddenly remembered these incidents during therapy sessions or other interventions. The book raises questions about the reliability of these memories, the influence of therapy techniques on their formation, and the potential for false memories to be implanted or distorted. 
 + 
 +Pendergrast discusses how these accusations of sexual abuse led to legal and personal consequences for both the accused and the accusers. The book also delves into the broader societal and psychological factors that played a role in the widespread belief in repressed memories during that era. 
 + 
 +<WRAP center> {{ youtube>h6jwo2KIdhQ| Mark Pendergrast - Memory Warp: How The Myth Of Repressed Memory Arose And Refuses To Die }} </WRAP> 
 + 
 +Mark Pendergrast, the author, is known for his works in various subjects, including psychology, history, and cultural studies. He's recognized for his in-depth research and investigative approach to complex topics. "Victims of Memory" is one of his notable works that critically examines the repressed memory phenomenon and its implications. 
 +<WRAP clear/> 
 + 
 +==== "Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma" by Yapko, Michael D ==== 
 +<WRAP right rightalign> {{https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/518JSB5SEGL.jpg?150|Cover}}</WRAP> 
 +"Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma"[(Suggestionsofabuse>Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma by Yapko, Michael D (Full book)[[https://archive.org/details/suggestionsofabu00yapk|archive.org]])] [( :harvard:Ofshe1994>> 
 +authors   : Yapko, Michael D 
 +title     : Suggestions of abuse : true and false memories of childhood sexual trauma 
 +publisher : Simon & Schuster 
 +published : 1994 
 +isbn      : 0671874314 
 +url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671874314 
 +)]  is a book by Michael Yapko, a clinical psychologist and expert in hypnosis. The book explores the phenomenon of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, and argues that many of these memories are false. Yapko contends that false memories can be created through a variety of factors, including suggestive questioning by therapists, exposure to media reports of abuse, and the desire to believe that one has been abused. 
 + 
 +The book was published in 1994, at a time when there was a growing public awareness of the issue of childhood sexual abuse. However, there was also a great deal of controversy surrounding the issue, with some people believing that recovered memories were always accurate, and others believing that they were often false. Yapko's book was one of the first to offer a comprehensive and critical examination of the recovered memory phenomenon. 
 + 
 +The book has been praised by some for its balanced and objective approach, and for its contribution to the debate on recovered memories. However, it has also been criticized by some for its skepticism of recovered memories. 
 + 
 +Here are some of the key points that Yapko makes in the book: 
 + 
 + - Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are often unreliable. 
 + - There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that repressed memories can be recovered. 
 + - False memories can be created through a variety of factors, including suggestive questioning, exposure to media reports of abuse, and the desire to believe that one has been abused. 
 + - Therapists should be cautious about accepting recovered memories as accurate. 
 + - People who believe that they may have been abused as children should seek professional help to evaluate their memories. 
 + 
 +Suggestions of Abuse is a controversial book, but it is an important contribution to the debate on recovered memories. The book provides a balanced and objective overview of the issue, and it raises important questions about the reliability of recovered memories. 
 + 
 +Michael Yapko is a clinical psychologist and expert in hypnosis and is a past president of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. He has written ten books as sole author, including Breaking the Patterns of Depression and Hand-Me-Down Blues. Michael Yapko is a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Hypnosis. 
 +<WRAP clear/>
  
  
 ==== The British False Memory Society (BFMS) ==== ==== The British False Memory Society (BFMS) ====
  
-The British False Memory Society (BFMS) is a registered UK charity formed in 1993 to deal with issues relating to false memory.+The British False Memory Society[(BFMS>The British False Memory Society[[https://bfms.org.uk/|Website of the BFMS]])] (BFMS) is a registered UK charity formed in 1993 to deal with issues relating to false memory.
  
 == The Purposes of the Society == == The Purposes of the Society ==
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 The British False Memory Society (BFMS) closed its operations in 2022 due to changing membership and lack of resources. Founded in 1993, the society endeavored to provide help, advice and support to anyone who felt they had been impacted by False Memory Syndrome or a related issue circulating in media and scientific discussion at the time. The organisation brought together a great deal of research on false memory impacts, with information emanating from victims and carers, legal professionals, academics and clinicians. Despite remaining active online via social media since its closure, the BFMS could no longer provide the same level of assistance it once did due to diminishing resources. The British False Memory Society (BFMS) closed its operations in 2022 due to changing membership and lack of resources. Founded in 1993, the society endeavored to provide help, advice and support to anyone who felt they had been impacted by False Memory Syndrome or a related issue circulating in media and scientific discussion at the time. The organisation brought together a great deal of research on false memory impacts, with information emanating from victims and carers, legal professionals, academics and clinicians. Despite remaining active online via social media since its closure, the BFMS could no longer provide the same level of assistance it once did due to diminishing resources.
 +
 +====  Similarities between Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) and Repressed Memories Syndrome  ====
 +<WRAP CENTER 50%>
 +{{youtube>Ih46rSOZSdg|A Continued Look at the Parallels Between ROGD and "Repressed Memories"}}
 +</WRAP>
 + 
  
  • Last modified: 2022/12/27 21:41
  • by tom