Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revision Previous revision
Next revision		 Previous revision
adapt [2021/09/30 11:17] – [The IEMT Adaptive Model makes fourteen operating assumptions.] andrewtaustinadapt [2023/03/06 10:11] (current) – Remove socialite tom
Line 1: Line 1:
 +{{tag>IEMT Model Adaptation reframe Nursing}} 
 ==== Integral Eye Movement Therapy (IEMT) - An Adaptive Model ==== ==== Integral Eye Movement Therapy (IEMT) - An Adaptive Model ====
 **Based on Sr. Callista Roy’s (1970) Adaptation Model** **Based on Sr. Callista Roy’s (1970) Adaptation Model**
  
-Embedded within the operating mechanism of IEMT is a fundamental assumption that holds a person as a dynamic being who is in constant interaction with the ever-changing environment. Human beings are an intricate design of biological, social and psychological factors, both internal and external. +Sister Callista Roy[(Callista_Roy>Callista Roy[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callista_Roy|Wikipedia]])]  is an influential figure in the modern nursing profession. After graduating from Mount St. Mary’s College with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and Sociology, she went on to pursue her Master's and Doctorate degrees at the University of California, Los Angeles. She contributed greatly to the field of nursing science with her research into Adaptation Model[( :harvard:Riehl1980>> 
 +authors   : C. Riehl 
 +title     : Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice (Archive.org Online Library) 
 +published : 1980 
 +publisher : Century Crofts 
 +url       : https://archive.org/details/conceptualmodels0000rieh 
 +)] [( :harvard:Roy1980>> 
 +authors   : H. Andrews, C. Roy 
 +title     : The Adaptation Model (Archive.org Online Library) 
 +published : 1991 
 +publisher : Appleton & Lange 
 +url       : https://archive.org/details/royadaptationmod0000andr 
 +)] of Nursing, which includes assessing patient health issues through understanding their adaptation patterns for better, more informed care.  
 + 
 +Her concept has been cited by various scholars and forms the basis for many current approaches to health evaluation and assistance. Moreover, her Adaptive Model has been expanded overseas, providing the opportunity for research collaboration between nurses around the world. Sister Callista Roy’s exceptional scientific contributions have set new precedents in holistic nursing assessment, making her an esteemed professional in both American and international healthcare communities. 
 + 
 +Nursing theories frame, explain or define the practice and delivery of nursing care. There are a number of [[nursing_models|prominent models in common use]], and different models may be used according to the organisational needs and the provisional requirements of the patient group served.   
 + 
 +Sister Callista Roy developed the Adaptation Model of Nursing[(Adaptation_model_of_nursing>Adaptation model of nursing[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_model_of_nursing|Wikipedia]])] 
 + which quickly became regarded as a major nursing theory worldwide, especially in rehabilitation environments.  Roy's model sees the individual as a set of interrelated biological, psychological and social systems. Whilst the individual strives to maintain a balance between these systems and the pressures of the outside world, an ideal level of balance is rarely found, thus the need for continual adaptation.  
 + 
 +The [[orders_of_adaptation|Adaptation]] Model has been used in neurological rehabilitation units in a number of ways. Some examples[(application_Roys_adaptation_model>Application of Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM)[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Roy%27s_adaptation_model.html|currentnursing.com]])] include: 
 + 
 +  * **Assessing the impact of neurological injuries** or conditions on an individual's physical, psychological, and social functioning. 
 + 
 +  * **Developing treatment plans** that address the unique needs and strengths of each individual, taking into account their personal goals and priorities. 
 + 
 +  * **Evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions** by tracking changes in an individual's adaptation level over time. 
 + 
 +  * **Providing a framework for collaborative care**, where multiple healthcare professionals can work together to support the individual's adaptation and recovery. 
 + 
 +  * **Educating individuals and their families about the impact of neurological injuries** or conditions on their lives, and helping them develop coping strategies to manage any challenges they may face. 
 + 
 +<blockquote center> 
 +Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness or stress, but rather is the ability to cope with them in a competent way. 
 + 
 +<cite>Ivan Illich</cite> 
 +</blockquote> 
 + 
 + 
 +<blockquote center> 
 +We now act as if we really believe that disease, aging, and death are unnatural acts and all things are remediable. All we have to do, we think, is know enough (or spend enough), and disease and death can be prevented or fixed. 
 + 
 +<cite>Faith T. Fitzgerald</cite> 
 +</blockquote> 
 + 
 +==== Overview of the theory ==== 
 + 
 +The Adaptation model has four domain concepts of: (i) person, (ii) health, (iii) environment, and (iv) nursing;  
 + 
 +The model views the person as "//a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment//". 
 + 
 +As in systems theory, a person is an open and adaptive system that uses internal coping skills to deal with environmental stressors. The environment is defined as "all conditions, circumstances and influences that surround and affect the development and behaviour of the person". 
 + 
 +Stressors are defined as stimuli and the model uses the term //residual stimuli// to describe those stressors whose influence on the person is not immediately clear. Many life experiences and events that are long over may continue to exert residual stress upon the individual. 
 + 
 +Health is defined as the process of "being and becoming an integrated and whole person" and Callista Roy's goal for the delivery of nursing care is "//the promotion of adaptation in each of the four modes*, thereby contributing to the person's health, quality of life and dying with dignity//". 
 + 
 +*//The four modes referred to are: (i) physiological, (ii) self-concept, (iii) role function and (iv) interdependence.// 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Adaptive Model and IEMT ==== 
 + 
 +Embedded within the operating mechanism of [[iemt_wiki|IEMT]] is a fundamental assumption that holds a person as a dynamic being who is in constant interaction with the ever-changing environment. Human beings are an intricate design of biological, social and psychological factors, both internal and external. 
  
 Every environment offers the individual resources, challenges, struggles and stressors of different forms and variable degrees thereby resulting in all consequential effects being subjective and occurring on a spectrum.  Every environment offers the individual resources, challenges, struggles and stressors of different forms and variable degrees thereby resulting in all consequential effects being subjective and occurring on a spectrum. 
Line 8: Line 72:
 An important aspect of IEMT is an increase in resilience in order to get the client more effective to face, handle and adapt to the current environment. IEMT attempts to increase adaptability and maturity on part of the individual in order to manage life and its' ongoing complexities.  An important aspect of IEMT is an increase in resilience in order to get the client more effective to face, handle and adapt to the current environment. IEMT attempts to increase adaptability and maturity on part of the individual in order to manage life and its' ongoing complexities. 
  
-Being an “adaptive system”, a person has input from the environment, which is subject to internal processing, eventually leading to an output. Our model presumes that the individual uses both innate and acquired (learned) mechanisms to adapt. Some of these adaptations may bring about unintended negative consequences and may be termed maladaptive.+Being an “[[orders_of_adaptation|adaptive system]]”, a person has input from the environment, which is subject to internal processing, eventually leading to an output. Our model presumes that the individual uses both innate and acquired (learned) mechanisms to adapt. Some of these adaptations may bring about unintended negative consequences and may be termed maladaptive.
  
 The environmental stimuli that present as a resource, challenge, stressor or any combination of these may have its’ origin in the historical biography of an individual. This, in turn, can exert an effect in the present through its psychological, physiological, emotional, social and/or environmental nature. The environmental stimuli that present as a resource, challenge, stressor or any combination of these may have its’ origin in the historical biography of an individual. This, in turn, can exert an effect in the present through its psychological, physiological, emotional, social and/or environmental nature.
Line 16: Line 80:
 {{:adaptive_1_.png?600|}} {{:adaptive_1_.png?600|}}
  
-==== The environment has four components: ====+==== Environmental stressors have four components: ====
  
-  - **Focal**- current and specific stresses (extraneous pressures, intrinsic health issues) applied to the individual present in many or all contexts;  +  - **Focal** - current and specific stresses (extraneous pressures, intrinsic health issues) applied to the individual present in many or all contexts. The focal stimuli are those which attract the most attention from individuals (injury, divorce, debt, etc) or communities (such as a bombing, kidnap, environmental disaster, etc);  
-  - **Contextual**- all context-dependent stimuli, that is, those present in the background, and frame the situations that exacerbate the consequences of the focal stresses; +  - **Contextual** - all context-dependent stimuli, that is, those present in the background, and frame the situations that exacerbate the consequences of the focal stresses; 
-  - **Residual**- historical stresses whose after-effects continue into the current situation and affect the individual’s well-being. This may include attitudes, beliefs and strong influences in the form of either people or experiences.  +  - **Residual** - historical stresses whose after-effects continue into the current situation and affect the individual’s well-being. This may include attitudes, beliefs, and strong influences in the form of either people or experiences.  
-  - **Prospective Stresses**- can reasonably be known, anticipated and expected prior to their occurrence. +  - **Prospective Stresses** - can reasonably be known, anticipated, and expected prior to their occurrence. 
  
 With the IEMT model, well-being is affected when an individual’s adaptation fails to de-potentiate residual negative states resulting from historical environmental interactions and pressures. This in turn leads to specific maladaptive patterns, The Patterns of Chronicity, which inadvertently serve to maintain the residual negative state. With the IEMT model, well-being is affected when an individual’s adaptation fails to de-potentiate residual negative states resulting from historical environmental interactions and pressures. This in turn leads to specific maladaptive patterns, The Patterns of Chronicity, which inadvertently serve to maintain the residual negative state.
Line 28: Line 92:
   - **Residual** - past events and traumas that leave a residual kinaesthetic that affects well-being and behaviour in the present moment    - **Residual** - past events and traumas that leave a residual kinaesthetic that affects well-being and behaviour in the present moment 
   - **Prospective** - habitual responses to “routine” triggers   - **Prospective** - habitual responses to “routine” triggers
 +
 +==== Adaptation ====
 +
 +The Adaptation model proposes 3 levels of adaptation
 +
 +1. Adaptive (systemic reorganisation)
 +2. Compensatory (part-system reorganisiton)
 +3. Maladaptive (failure to reorganise)
 +
 +{{ :coping_processes.png|}}
 +
 +----
  
 {{:image-2.jpg?800|}} {{:image-2.jpg?800|}}
-==== The model includes two subsystems, as well. ==== 
  
-  - **The “Chain-Reaction” Formation**-  A major coping mechanism that involves the webbed channels of cognition and emotions. The four components are: perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion that are output as either adaptive or maladaptive coping behaviours.  +---- 
-  - **The Patterns of Chronicity** -  A rather basic adaptive process generated by the person that has an automatic response set up. These behavioural patterns run on an auto-pilot mode and serve as a survival mechanism adapted to cope during and after a highly stressed environment. It is only through these behavioural coping channels that the person is able to remain functional. +
  
 ==== The IEMT Adaptive Model makes fifteen operating assumptions. ==== ==== The IEMT Adaptive Model makes fifteen operating assumptions. ====
Line 51: Line 126:
   - A patient’s behavioural, emotional and cognitive patterns can be challenged effectively by the IEMT model.   - A patient’s behavioural, emotional and cognitive patterns can be challenged effectively by the IEMT model.
   - A positive and effective state of adaptation leads toward greater integration in an individual and also frees a person’s energy to respond to other stimuli.    - A positive and effective state of adaptation leads toward greater integration in an individual and also frees a person’s energy to respond to other stimuli. 
-  - A limitation of IEMT is to only be able to make changes to the body's conditioned reflex responses, IEMT cannot, for example, change the genetics of a body, although it is hypothesised that further research could well find epigenetic adaptations occuring as a result from working with PTSD clients.+  - A limitation of IEMT is to only be able to make changes to the body's conditioned reflex responses, IEMT cannot, for example, change the genetics of a body, although it is hypothesised that further research could well find epigenetic adaptations occurring as a result from working with PTSD clients.
 ==== Goal and Intention of IEMT ==== ==== Goal and Intention of IEMT ====
  
Line 70: Line 145:
  
 {{:image-3.jpg?800|}} {{:image-3.jpg?800|}}
 +
 +===== See also =====
 +
 +  * [[nursing_models|Additional nursing models]]
 +  * [[orders_of_adaptation|]]
 +  * [[orders_of_change|]]
 +
 + 
  • Last modified: 2021/09/30 10:17
  • (external edit)